Halogen Compounds

State and explain the variation in the oxidation numbers of the chlorides of the elements $\text{Na}$, $\text{Mg}$, $\text{Al}$ and $\text{Si}$.

Describe the reaction of phosphorus(V) chloride with water, and write an equation for the reaction.

Calculate the empirical and molecular formulae of B.

Assuming phosphorus and chlorine show their typical valencies, draw the displayed formula of B, showing all bonds and lone pairs.

Calculate the oxidation number of phosphorus in B.

One mole of B reacts with four moles of water.
Suggest the structure of the phosphorus-containing product of this reaction.

Write the formulae of the products of this reaction in the two boxes above.

Describe an experiment that would show that $\text{CH}_3\text{COCl}$ reacts with water at a much faster rate than phenacyl chloride. Include the reagents you would use, and the observations you would make with each chloride.

Suggest an explanation for this difference in reactivity.

Fluorine is much more electronegative than both silicon and sulfur, but whereas the molecule of $\text{SF}_4$ has an overall dipole, that of $\text{SiF}_4$ has none.

Suggest a reason for this difference.

Predict whether or not the following molecules will have an overall dipole. Place a tick in the appropriate column.

Fluorine is much more electronegative than both silicon and sulfur, but whereas the molecule of $\text{SF}_4$ has an overall dipole, that of $\text{SiF}_4$ has none.

Suggest a reason for this difference.

Predict whether or not the following molecules will have an overall dipole. Place a tick in the appropriate column.

Suggest a reason for this difference in reactivity.

Construct equations showing the reaction of these two chlorides with an excess of water.

Hence suggest the displayed formula of X.

By means of a clear, labelled diagram, describe the shape of the tin(IV) chloride molecule.

Explain the shape of the tin(IV) chloride molecule in terms of its bonding.

What would you expect to observe when tin(IV) chloride reacts with water?

Suggest an explanation for your answer.

Write an equation for the reaction between tin(IV) chloride and water.

Describe and explain the trend in bond energies of the $\text{C–X}$ bond in halogenoalkanes, where $\text{X} = \text{F}, \text{Cl}, \text{Br}$ or $\text{I}$.

Describe the relationship between the reactivity of halogenoalkanes, $\text{RX}$, and the bond energies of the $\text{C–X}$ bond.

Use the Data Booklet to suggest an explanation as to why CFCs such as $\text{CF}_2\text{Cl}_2$ are much more harmful to the ozone layer than fluorocarbons such as $\text{CF}_4$ or hydrocarbons such as butane, $\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}$.

Predict the products of the following reactions and draw their structures in the boxes below. The molecular formula of each product is given, where $\text{X} = \text{Cl}, \text{Br}$ or $\text{I}$.

State the conditions needed for this reaction.

State the type of reaction occurring here.

Complete the following equations of some possible steps in the formation of chloroethane.

Describe and explain the trend in bond energies of the $\text{C}-\text{X}$ bond in halogenoalkanes, where $\text{X} = \text{F}, \text{Cl}, \text{Br}$ or $\text{I}$.

Describe the relationship between the reactivity of halogenoalkanes, $\text{RX}$, and the bond energies of the $\text{C}-\text{X}$ bond.

Use the Data Booklet to suggest an explanation as to why CFCs such as $\text{CF}_2\text{Cl}_2$ are much more harmful to the ozone layer than fluorocarbons such as $\text{CF}_4$ or hydrocarbons such as butane, $\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}$.

Predict the products of the following reactions and draw their structures in the boxes below. The molecular formula of each product is given, where $\text{X} = \text{Cl}, \text{Br}$ or $\text{I}$.